Mars

Star System: Sol

Capitals: Olympia (planetside); Nova Concordia Station (orbital)

Terrestrial Population (est.): 4,592,943,380

Spacer Population (est.): 1,372,248

Mars (Sol IV) is the fourth planet out from Sol. It has surface area the size of Earth's entire landmass. Once called the Red Planet, it has since lost its red hue, replacing it with a mix of red and green, sometimes brown. Ships approaching Mars can see many lights in orbit around it, as it receives relatively large volumes of space traffic. Looking from the surface, dusty night skies of Mars are covered by near endless number of moving lights, both from satellites, stations and passing space ships, even debris.

Mars is split into a number of large and small city-states, as well as territories belonging to minor parties such as corporations and nomadic populations. Although independant on paper, Sol Alliance keeps a close eye on their activities to prevent any wars or territory disputes. The average Martian citizen doesn't leave the mega arcologies and pressurized cities more than a few times in their lives, but still, low pressure survival and suit usage is a mandatory part of education. Due to the costs of maintaining a pressurized, healthy environment, most of the population lives in cramped spaces and tiny apartments. The cities themselves are more often than not, a maze of overbuild interconnected buildings, roadways and tunnels so complex that most inhabitants can’t even grasp and can hardly be navigated without help of computer or a GPS. With low police coverage and ease of evasion, many criminal organizations have sprung up and remained for centuries. Because of this, Mars boasts one of the largest and most enigmatic criminal underworlds in Sol space, often having strong ties with the city-states they occupy.

History
Despite the Red Planet’s inhospitality, desperate living conditions on Earth and its close proximity to it has caused it to be one of the first planets colonized. As both nations and corporations attempted to set up a foothold on it first, it received massive number of colonists during the first waves, after which it was passed over for more suitable, distant worlds for a long period. The byproduct of this is that many issues, national and cultural, that plagued humanity at those times, were brought over to the Red Planet, causing tensions between its inhabitants. The colonies were more often than not supported by nations of earth as legal colonies and were putting constant pressure on each other. Wars between the colonies, although rare, were not unheard of. The ones that survived have long since grown into large, independant city-states, which are for the most part friendly competitors under the watchful eye of Sol Alliance.

However, the tensions combined with the planet’s wildly different features, have over centuries produced cultures and traditions unseen on other planets, which were much less involved in Earth politics. Some of many culture groups on Mars still keep to old traditions that have all but disappeared on Earth. Denizens of Mars or at least those who are in position to care about such things, speak of their roots and traditions with pride.

Mars has suffered two catastrophes while colonized: the abrupt failure of its terraforming infrastructure and widespread damage as a result of the rhe First Interstellar War. The combination of both has set Mars back in development by at least a century, creating buried cities and colonies all across its surface. These are often targeted by both scavengers and archeologists, today. Regardless, the determination of its inhabitants and the trade volume the planet receives has made it recover within two centuries following them.

Martian World War
Considering Mars' strong ties with Earth governments and its dependence on Sol Fleets, Mars never had unified interests or tools to openly fight against opressive Sol Government during the First Intersteller War. At the start of the war, Sol Alliance quickly integrated what little fleet Mars had into its own, raising much protest. However, many Martian nations took the weakened state of Sol Alliance as an opportunity to establish world dominance. Financially backed by the The Coalition of Colonies (CoC), on 18th of January, 2279, many Martian nations seceded from Sol Alliance and launched attacks on those that refused. Soon after, they formed the Coalition of Martian Nations (Red Coalition) while the alliance of nations loyal to Sol Alliance were dubbed Sol Coalition (Blue Coalition). Despite the overwhelming military superiority of the Sol Alliance, their fleets retreated from Mars, when the Red Coalition threatened to empty their nuclear and ballistic arsenal directly at Earth if they were to interfere, starting a Cold War between the two. As such, it is not considered a theater of the Interstellar War. Financially backed by the CoC The Red Coalition was initially successful in conquering much of the Blue territory, but their advanced slowed as the other side started to recive backing from Sol Alliance.

As military conventions prohibted direct bombing of population centers, their conquest consisted of prolonged sieges while unrest, terrorist attacks and occasional assaults fractured the internal unity of the colony. Usage of low yield nuclear weapons was allowed on the battlefields and were almost openly used to destroy enemy forces in the open field. The war lasted for years, until 2284, when Red Coalition State of Terra Nova, facing defeat from its primary opponent Republic of Lowell, launched a nuclear attack on ironically dubbed New Dresden in an attempt to turn the tide of war. This fructured the unity of Red Coalition, as many of them, facing the threat of nuclear anihiliation, suceded from it. As nuclear apocalypse averted, the remaining Red Coalition forces either surrended or were overwhelmed in the matter of months. The Threaty of Olympus was signed on 5th of April, 2284 featuring unconditional surrender of Red Coalition states. The most important points in the threaty where restrictions on Mars' fleet, formation of what resembles modern borders, greater autonomy to Martian colonies as wall as the the Mars Senate. Many of the Red Coalition nations ceased to exist, either through being fractured or absorbed into others. All WMDs were implemented with targeting restrictions, disallowing fire on colonized planetary bodies.

=Environment= Cold, arid and extremely inhospitable, with average temperature of -10°C (14°F), moving between a minimum of -80°C (-112°F) and a maximum of 60°C (140°F). A Martian day is only slightly longer than a standard day at 25 standard hours, but the Martian year is 687 standard days long. It has a 37% gravity of Earth’s, which is too low for appropriate development of humans. Average atmospheric pressure is around 0.5 of Earth’s, but with less oxygen and larger composition of carbon dioxide and various toxic organic gasses. It has its own ‘Water’ cycle, composed of both water and carbon dioxide, with the former usually falling as snow during summer, and the latter forming snow in the winter. Rain followed by formation of lakes is not unseen, but these often don’t last more than a day, forming flats of frozen quicksand in their wake.

Outside of few terraformed areas, complex life is rare, with only bioengineered pine trees and grasses growing in there. Usually located inside craters, these areas have higher air pressure and can function as a open air cities, but interior still have to be properly pressurized. However, single cell organisms have become plentiful since the planet was partially terraformed. They were most likely introduced as unwilling passengers onboard ships various worlds with similar conditions.

Terraforming
Terraforming process started during the late part of the 22nd century, as massive terraformers designed to turn Mars’ natural minerals into gasses and legions of cyborgs were put into action. The idea was to replicate the Global Warming process humans have inadvertently done on Earth, but in a more controlled environment with goals of increasing both air pressure and temperature. However, it worked better than expected. Within seventy years, the polar dry ice reserves started to melt rapidly. The sudden raise in air density and greenhouse gasses caused a spike in the temperature to over 100°C (212°F). Afterwards, massive storms ravaged the planet for decades. Thankfully, the dust increased the planet’s albedo enough to allow the temperatures to stabilize within hundred years. The cost to human life was large, as was the damage to both the economy and cities themselves.

Although a catastrophe, the terraforming project of Mars was not a complete failure. The air is still toxic, but it effectively raised Mars' near zero pressure to slightly tolerable 0.5 range, along with the average temperature. Furthermore, the vast amounts of polarized iron dust now flowing around the planet’s lower orbit has created for a makeshift electromagnetic shield, reducing harmful radiation by a large degree. Efforts are being made to maintain it through crushing and polarizing of asteroids, despite the ever increasing volume of orbital traffic. This difference meant that a space suit was no longer needed to traverse its surface, instead, pressure suits or thick clothing, along with eye, mouth and ear protection were enough to stop the worst effects of low pressure environment. Single-cellular life has prospered as well, due to a atmosphere now rich with organic particles. Due to this, Mars has lost its famous red colour and is entering the first phase of the Kessler syndrome, making approaches to the planet with insufficient shielding prohibited.

=Population= Due to the planet's low gravity, the first colonists were handpicked among those who had the strongest bone density and later, cheap stable gene mods were introduced as part of the general medicine to increase the survival rate. As a consequence of population mixing and the gene mods being inherited, multiple generations have made the average Martian have increased bone density and height. As technology developed, artificial gravity generators were introduced under the cities to rectify the health issue. However, those born and living outside them usually do not have such a luxury, resulting in them being stuck on world permanently. Regardless of where they live or their financial status, fitness culture is deeply ingrained in the psyche of a native Martians. Despite spending all of their time in pressurized, sealed environments under relatively horrible habitation conditions, average martian is in not poor by other Sol Alliance’s standards, however, the sheer cost of acquiring needed resources, clean air and drinkable water raises living costs significantly. Thankfully, most governments on Mars invest greatly into care, so most extremely poor inhabitants get their needs met. The largest focus is on Healthcare, because an outbreak would be extremely devastating in such conditions, as well as their effect on the human body. It’s worthy of note that conditions vary wildly from state to state, city to city, and sometimes even building to building.

Megacities
The vast majority resides in hundreds of megacities, sprawling overbuilt megalopolises sometimes with multiple layers of buildings, up to one and a half kilometer tall. They are are sometimes referred to as ‘Hives’ or ‘Fēngcháo’, a term coined up in 20th century science fiction. The largest among them contain up to half a billion people. Largest buildings in them are usually massive arcologies, that can provide jobs, shops, services and living space by themselves for numbers up to several million people. Most of the inhabitants in them reside in tiny room-sized apartments that often do not even contain all the needed installations such as toilets and showers, or cooking appliances just to conserve space and lower maintenance costs. As a rule, higher you go in martian buildings, the larger and more expensive apartments become. The arcologies are usually complete with a large biodome on the top. They often contain a small city by itself, with skyscrapers, parks and public buildings. Only the very rich can afford to live there. They often contain their own gravity generators and power plants. Due to their self-reliant nature, some of them possess governments of their own and function as lawful cities.

Ruins and small colonies
Mars has a relatively long history of colonization, as well as destructive events. This has resulted in many colonies, facilities and cities covering the wastes of the planet. One such city is Divitiae. Once an prospective independant mining colony, it failed to establish itself during the earily Mars gold rush. A rapid growth period was followed by a slow death of the settlement. Raging storms and lack of funds for redevelopment turned it into a Mars equivilent of Detroit. While people still live there (mostly in poverty), it's often targeted by scavengers, taking and destroying whatever of value the storms uncover.

Some other, smaller colonies suffered a similar fate, becoming the poorest settlements on Mars.

Ethnic makeup
While the planet has a diverse population, the cities themselves often do not, sometimes corresponding with the population makeup of their parent nations on Earth. For example, former chinese colony of Tiānkōng tǎ (Sky Tower), now a megacity and city-state, has disproportionately large amount of ethnic-chinese inhabitants, population density and poverty. This is a consequence of various earth events. As the Pacific Ocean started to eat at China’s mainland, almost billion people ended up displaced over time. As such, many went to join their kinsman in space. American and European colonies have greater ethnic diversity, while other nation specific colonies have far less.

One of the notable groups that live outside the megacities are Djor Abdussalam, a group of nomadic islamic descendants mostly of european origin, that subscribe to their own sect of islam. They claimed large areas of land deserts and poles as their own, declaring it the Djor Province. Although Martian City-states have outright denied those claims, the nomad people have established their own settlements on it and traverse it uncaringly. Ascetic values and intelligent thinking have allowed them prosper, through trade, research and salvaging. They boast their own bio-domed settlements that are usually done in highly impractical, antique, yet beautiful settlements of neo-african and middle eastern style. This expansive lifestyle that the cream of their society enjoys is supported by research foundations and several notable banks they own. The entire society, from poorest to richest, respects and adheres to traditional behavior, as much as survival would allow.

Aliens are not unseen of on Mars, but very small numbers of them maintain a permanent residence there. They are most often tourists, part of ambassadorial delegations or short-term corporate workers. Any further alien settlement is unlikely due to stricter laws being imposed as part of the Sol Alliance’s new immigration policies.

Synthetics
During the peroid of terraforming, Mars received an immense number of Cyborgs to serve as its workforce. In the late part of the 22nd century, Humanity has achived the ability to produce heavy cyborgs. Being able to function and work freely in the harsh environment, Martian terraforming firms pressed for more and more cyborg workers, but volunteers for this process were few and far between. It was untested, dangerous, and the success rate for brain transplantation into cyborg cylinders was far from one hundred percent. The demand pressed Sol Government to produce more and more cyborgs. Eventually, to meet demand, cyborgification was implemented as capital punishment for crimes, less and less severe as time passed. In total, between 2204, when the implementation of cyborgs started, and 2060, when it stopped, over 35 million cyborgs have been sent to Mars as serve as workforce. Ironically, the Terraforming project started to backfire soon after.

The extent of the crimes Martians caused, as well other problems the synthetics caused,resulted in an overall negative view of AIs and cyborgification among the populace. Sometime after, Mars Senate constructed a large monumental graveyard for victims of forced cyborgification sometimes refered to CyTomb. Cyborgs and cyborgification are banned in several larger City-States.

=Economy=

Mars' economy is developed and mixed, with it's largest industries being orbital construction, mining and a small but rapidly growing hydroponics industry. Mars also enjoys being the center of Sol trade, with over 90% of Sol's trade at some point passing through the planet or one of its stations, due in no small part to the Bluespace Gate near the planet.

Low gravity and favorable air drag allow for cheap and efficient landings by spaceships, allowing traffic to far surpass what just the space elevators would allow. Low gravity allows constructions of space elevators at larger longitudes Mars as compared to Earth, this, combined with amount of space trade the planet receives, has shifted center of planets economy into planetary orbit, as opposed to equator and major cities as is case with the latter. The port megacities are as such, by far the wealthiest. The richest and most developed is Lowell City, named after Percival Lawrence Lowell. Contrary to popular belief, it is not the planetary capital, just its on-planet economic center.

Recent change in Sol Senate composition, as well as a sudden need for increased military production have started a stream of government investments. Industrial and extraction complexes that have been shut down for several decades, some for even a century, are being rapidly restored and modernized to lower Mars’ unemployment, reliance on trade and boost production rapidly. This pending industrial boom and a raise in land value have caused protest among salvage companies and people that used to occupy and rely on those ruins for survival. These events were followed by a large drop of investments into the salvaging sector, one of the branches of the planet’s internal economy.

= Military = Although Mars boasts massive shipyards both on and off planet, due to treaties signed in the past it has no segnificant fleet of its own. However, it is by no means defenseless without the support of Sol fleets. Due to the planet's low air density, planetary gun installations have been deemed a practical solution for the lack of navy. While giant laser weapons are most often used for this role, they are not the most impressive. This title is held by Mars’ massive State-of-the-Art Velites-class Railguns that can fire small, precise rounds at a fraction of the speed of light. After a failed terrorist attack, when a certain group attempted to blackmail the Sol Government with a threat of firing at the planet’s capital, all railguns and laser cannons have been implemented with extra failsafes to stop them from firing at the surface of Mars, its moons and any other planets, under any condition. All in all, these installations combined with advanced sensors in space form an allegedly impenetrable net of automated fire around the planet that any would-be invader would need to deal with first. Mars also contains various military stations in orbit and its moons.

The defense grid is further supplemented with the planet aerospace forces, which primarily consists of both planetary and space flight capable craft. Outside of combat, for which they are actually rarely used, they serve as traffic control and escort for ships around the gravity well and orbit. Despite the volatile era of Mars’ planetary wars being long over, each city-state fields their own fleet of these craft, with healthy competition as to who will field the most advanced ones. They can often be differentiated by different color patterns and flags on their hulls and, although they might not mean anything to incoming ships, keeping to them is a matter of military tradition. Being a pilot in the fleet is considered a very prestigious position, so is either gained through favor from political bodies or tediously long and rigorous selection process.

Martian city-states can’t keep their own ground forces as a measure of preventing wars between them, but they provide a good amount of manpower, as well as training and support installations for Sol Alliance’s own ground forces. The most notable of those are notorious training camps at the poles and Military Academy of Chester William Nimitz located in the city of New Washington. While the former is used to train soldiers for extremely inhospitable environments, the latter is considered one of the most prestigious military and naval academies in known space, producing only the most educated and qualified officers.

= Politics =

Mars has almost as complex, antiquated and corrupt political system as Earth does. Many different types of governments either based on practicality or tradition are in practice, even some tiny monarchies and theocracies. Some megacities have ruling bodies consisting of representatives from various city sectors or arcologies. However, Mars has its own planetary representing body composed of representatives scaled according to population of the territorial bodies, with each having their own method of election. The Mars Senate has large power concerning decisions that affect the planet as a whole, but little to no power over internal politics of the various self-proclaimed countries. It is located in city of Olympia, within the Galle Crater Terraformed Zone, but a majority of senior administration facilities and personnel reside in orbit on New Concordia station. The station was once the center of Sol Alliance's Government, but, due to the major shift in political power towards Earth, the administration has been moved.